Basic Vocabulary for NATO vs Warsaw
Cold War - The military and political tension between the U.S. and the S.U. between 1945-1991, which was heightened by the Nuclear Arms race. Also, it was the growing struggle for global power between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
Yalta Conference and Allied occupation of Germany - In February 1945, Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill met in Yalta to decide Germany's fate after the war. All 3 leaders agreed to divide Germany temporarily. Britain, France, U.S., and Soviet Union each controlled a zone of Germany. The Capital, which was Berlin, was also divided into 4 sectors despite being located in the Soviet Zone UN - Formed in 1945 as an international peace-keeping organization. The Security Council consists of: U.S., Britain, Soviet Union, France and China (all had veto power) Iron Curtain - The symbolic division of Europe between American-influenced countries and Soviet-influenced countries. Created 2 new alliances: NATO and Warsaw Pact Truman Doctrine - The policy made by President Truman that stated that it must be the policy of the U.S. to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. Berlin Blockade - U.S., France, and Great Britain wanted to unite their zones into West Germany (Soviet Territory) and to cooperate economically while introducing a new currency. In June 1948, Soviets cut off railways, highways, and canal access from West Germany to West Berlin. Berlin Airlift - U.S. Air Force and the British Royal Air force flew over 200,000 flights in 1 year to supply the people of West Berlin. The Soviets only had the choice to shoot down humanitarian aircraft or to back down when they tried to stop this, so they chose to back down. The Soviets ended the blockade On may 1949. Marshall Plan - An American plan made by George Marshall for reconstruction assistance to Europe. The goal for this plan was to ease economic distress in Europe and to help stabilize democratic governments by raising people's standards of living. This plan sent more than $13 billion to Western Europe between 1948-1952. Originally, the U.S. sent this plan to the Soviet Union and to the countries of Eastern Europe, but the Soviets refused. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact - NATO and the Warsaw Pact arose due to the Iron Curtain NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): U.S. and allies Warsaw Pact: Soviet Union and Allies These 2 alliances completed the division of Europe Nuclear Arms Race - The division of Europe into East and West helped trigger a race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to build more powerful and destructive weapons. In turn, the arms race intensified the suspicions the superpowers felt towards each other, and more than once pushed the world to the brink of war. Berlin Wall - Every month, thousands of mostly young East Germans were fleeing their country for the west, often using West Berlin as an exit. Worried by the mass migration, in August 1961 the Soviets and the East Germans erected a physical wall separating East Berlin from West Berlin.. This happened very suddenly, and families were ripped apart by the sudden split. Domino Theory - The idea that if one country falls to Communism, then other countries will look at that and fall to Communism as well. Like a domino effect. Korean War - After WWII, Asian Nationalist movements were often affected by the larger problems of the Cold War. Within this context, Korean and Vietnamese nationalism erupted into open warfare. The Korean War raged in the Korean Peninsula for 3 years, leaving the country divided. Similarly, the Indochina War devastated Southeast Asia and divided Vietnam. The end of the Vietnam War reunited Vietnam, but at the cost of enormous loss of life and material destruction. Korean Demilitarized Zone- 38th parallel - In the early months of 1951, U.S and South Korean forces managed to halt the North Korean-Chinese advance. By summer, the front had stabilized, close to the original division of the Koreas at the 38th parallel. Fighting dragged on for 2 more years, until a cease-fire in July 1953. Korea remained divided. Ho Chi Minh - Avery important nationalist leader in 1940 for French Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia). He became a nationalist and Marxist when he traveled to Europe during his younger years. He helped defend Vietnam against the Japanese invasion in 1941. Once the Japanese were defeated, he proclaimed Vietnam independent. Vietnam War - A war between North Vietnam (communist) and South Vietnam (democratic). The U.S. supported South Vietnam, and even bombed North Vietnam. However, the effects were not as game-changing as the U.S. had hoped. In the end, North Vietnam had conquered South Vietnam (communist victory). The war resulted in defeat for the U.S.-backed South Vietnamese government and reunification of Vietnam under Communist control. The war also inspired Communist victories in Laos and Cambodia and the murder of millions of Cambodians by Khmer Rouge. Fidel Castro - A Cuban Communist revolutionary. He committed himself to the resistance that sprang up against the dictator (Batista). He made Batista flee Cuba. After Batista fled the country, Castro and his Guerrillas took control of the country. took control over 400 Cuban-Owned businesses and 3 million acres of land. He joined the Soviet Bloc and became part of the Soviet sphere of influence. Bay of Pigs Invasion - The U.S. launched a covert operation against Fidel Castro in which exiled Cubans came ashore in an attempt to retake the country. Castro defeated this invasion. Cuban Missile Crisis - The Soviet Union secretly began constructing launch sites for intermediate-range nuclear missiles. U.S. president JFK demanded that Khrushchev withdraw the missiles from Cuba. He also wanted him to halt construction. Finally, Khrushchev did so, but he demanded the the U.S. should not invade Cuba and to remove U.S. nuclear weapons from Turkey. Nikita Khrushchev - Former party secretary of the Ukraine who took over as leader of the Soviet Union. He belittled Stalin's image and what he did. He increased food production in the Soviet Union. Later when Germany was split, he demanded negotiations on the future of Berlin. However, no progress was made. Space Race - The race between the U.S and the Soviet Union about who could first gain strategic command of space. The U.S created NASA to help this race. The Soviets put their people in space first, but the U.S put the first man on the moon.Through a coordination of science and technology, the U.S and the Soviet Union led the way for space exploration. The space race allowed for countries to launch satellites into space with improved global navigation, communication, and surveys of the earth itself. Mikhail Gorbachev - Last leader of the Soviet Union. He wanted to help stimulate the Soviet Union's economy. He wanted to enact political and economic reforms in the Soviet Union. He gave people freedom of speech, which ultimately led to the Soviet Union dissolving. He failed to help the Soviet Union. Fall of Berlin Wall - Thousands of East Germans gathered to demand reforms, including the right to travel without Governmental permission. In November 1989, the East German government gave in and threw open the gates in the Berlin wall. The fall of the Berlin Wall was followed by the reunification of Germany in October 1990. End of the Cold War and the Soviet Union - The fall of Communism in Eastern Europe encouraged independence movements in many Soviet republics. Conservative communists took over the Soviet government and declared a state of emergency. The coup failed when it was defeated by Boris Yeltsin, but it signaled the end of the Soviet Union.Soon after, the Baltic Republic became independent. Ukraine also declared its independence. By December 1991, the Soviet Union had dissolved. What was left in its place were 15 independent states, and 12 of them formed a loose confederation called the Commonwealth of Independent States |
ANSLEY CARTWRIGHT AND LEXIE DAWSON
US History- 1st period- Jasso
US History- 1st period- Jasso